1. 安装：rpm -ivh xxx.nn.m.i386.rpm
2. 卸载：rpm -e xxx
3. 升级：rpm -Uvh xxx.nn.m.i386.rpm
4. 查询：rpm -q xxx
5. 信息：rpm -qi xxx
6. 文件：rpm -ql xxx
7. 编译：rpm -ivh –rebuild xxx.src.rpm
8. 签名：rpm –checksig xxx

/proc/sys/net/ipv4/* Variables:

ip_forward - BOOLEAN
	0 - disabled (default)
	not 0 - enabled 

	Forward Packets between interfaces.

	This variable is special, its change resets all configuration
	parameters to their default state (RFC1122 for hosts, RFC1812
	for routers)

ip_default_ttl - INTEGER
	default 64

ip_no_pmtu_disc - BOOLEAN
	Disable Path MTU Discovery.
	default FALSE

IP Fragmentation:

ipfrag_high_thresh - INTEGER
	Maximum memory used to reassemble IP fragments. When 
	ipfrag_high_thresh bytes of memory is allocated for this purpose,
	the fragment handler will toss packets until ipfrag_low_thresh
	is reached.
	
ipfrag_low_thresh - INTEGER
	See ipfrag_high_thresh	

ipfrag_time - INTEGER
	Time in seconds to keep an IP fragment in memory.	

ipfrag_secret_interval - INTEGER
	Regeneration interval (in seconds) of the hash secret (or lifetime 
	for the hash secret) for IP fragments.
	Default: 600

INET peer storage:

inet_peer_threshold - INTEGER
	The approximate size of the storage.  Starting from this threshold	
	entries will be thrown aggressively.  This threshold also determines
	entries' time-to-live and time intervals between garbage collection
	passes.  More entries, less time-to-live, less GC interval.

inet_peer_minttl - INTEGER
	Minimum time-to-live of entries.  Should be enough to cover fragment
	time-to-live on the reassembling side.  This minimum time-to-live  is
	guaranteed if the pool size is less than inet_peer_threshold.
	Measured in jiffies(1).

inet_peer_maxttl - INTEGER
	Maximum time-to-live of entries.  Unused entries will expire after
	this period of time if there is no memory pressure on the pool (i.e.
	when the number of entries in the pool is very small).
	Measured in jiffies(1).

inet_peer_gc_mintime - INTEGER
	Minimum interval between garbage collection passes.  This interval is
	in effect under high memory pressure on the pool.
	Measured in jiffies(1).

inet_peer_gc_maxtime - INTEGER
	Minimum interval between garbage collection passes.  This interval is
	in effect under low (or absent) memory pressure on the pool.
	Measured in jiffies(1).

TCP variables: 

tcp_syn_retries - INTEGER
	Number of times initial SYNs for an active TCP connection attempt
	will be retransmitted. Should not be higher than 255. Default value
	is 5, which corresponds to ~180seconds.

tcp_synack_retries - INTEGER
	Number of times SYNACKs for a passive TCP connection attempt will
	be retransmitted. Should not be higher than 255. Default value
	is 5, which corresponds to ~180seconds.

tcp_keepalive_time - INTEGER
	How often TCP sends out keepalive messages when keepalive is enabled.
	Default: 2hours.

tcp_keepalive_probes - INTEGER
	How many keepalive probes TCP sends out, until it decides that the
	connection is broken. Default value: 9.

tcp_keepalive_intvl - INTEGER
	How frequently the probes are send out. Multiplied by
	tcp_keepalive_probes it is time to kill not responding connection,
	after probes started. Default value: 75sec i.e. connection
	will be aborted after ~11 minutes of retries.

tcp_retries1 - INTEGER
	How many times to retry before deciding that something is wrong
	and it is necessary to report this suspicion to network layer.
	Minimal RFC value is 3, it is default, which corresponds
	to ~3sec-8min depending on RTO.

tcp_retries2 - INTEGER
	How may times to retry before killing alive TCP connection.
	RFC1122 says that the limit should be longer than 100 sec.
	It is too small number.	Default value 15 corresponds to ~13-30min
	depending on RTO.

tcp_orphan_retries - INTEGER
	How may times to retry before killing TCP connection, closed
	by our side. Default value 7 corresponds to ~50sec-16min
	depending on RTO. If you machine is loaded WEB server,
	you should think about lowering this value, such sockets
	may consume significant resources. Cf. tcp_max_orphans.

tcp_fin_timeout - INTEGER
	Time to hold socket in state FIN-WAIT-2, if it was closed
	by our side. Peer can be broken and never close its side,
	or even died unexpectedly. Default value is 60sec.
	Usual value used in 2.2 was 180 seconds, you may restore
	it, but remember that if your machine is even underloaded WEB server,
	you risk to overflow memory with kilotons of dead sockets,
	FIN-WAIT-2 sockets are less dangerous than FIN-WAIT-1,
	because they eat maximum 1.5K of memory, but they tend
	to live longer.	Cf. tcp_max_orphans.

tcp_max_tw_buckets - INTEGER
	Maximal number of timewait sockets held by system simultaneously.
	If this number is exceeded time-wait socket is immediately destroyed
	and warning is printed. This limit exists only to prevent
	simple DoS attacks, you _must_ not lower the limit artificially,
	but rather increase it (probably, after increasing installed memory),
	if network conditions require more than default value.

tcp_tw_recycle - BOOLEAN
	Enable fast recycling TIME-WAIT sockets. Default value is 0.
	It should not be changed without advice/request of technical
	experts.

tcp_tw_reuse - BOOLEAN
	Allow to reuse TIME-WAIT sockets for new connections when it is
	safe from protocol viewpoint. Default value is 0.
	It should not be changed without advice/request of technical
	experts.

tcp_max_orphans - INTEGER
	Maximal number of TCP sockets not attached to any user file handle,
	held by system.	If this number is exceeded orphaned connections are
	reset immediately and warning is printed. This limit exists
	only to prevent simple DoS attacks, you _must_ not rely on this
	or lower the limit artificially, but rather increase it
	(probably, after increasing installed memory),
	if network conditions require more than default value,
	and tune network services to linger and kill such states
	more aggressively. Let me to remind again: each orphan eats
	up to ~64K of unswappable memory.

tcp_abort_on_overflow - BOOLEAN
	If listening service is too slow to accept new connections,
	reset them. Default state is FALSE. It means that if overflow
	occurred due to a burst, connection will recover. Enable this
	option _only_ if you are really sure that listening daemon
	cannot be tuned to accept connections faster. Enabling this
	option can harm clients of your server.

tcp_syncookies - BOOLEAN
	Only valid when the kernel was compiled with CONFIG_SYNCOOKIES
	Send out syncookies when the syn backlog queue of a socket 
	overflows. This is to prevent against the common 'syn flood attack'
	Default: FALSE

	Note, that syncookies is fallback facility.
	It MUST NOT be used to help highly loaded servers to stand
	against legal connection rate. If you see synflood warnings
	in your logs, but investigation	shows that they occur
	because of overload with legal connections, you should tune
	another parameters until this warning disappear.
	See: tcp_max_syn_backlog, tcp_synack_retries, tcp_abort_on_overflow.

	syncookies seriously violate TCP protocol, do not allow
	to use TCP extensions, can result in serious degradation
	of some services (f.e. SMTP relaying), visible not by you,
	but your clients and relays, contacting you. While you see
	synflood warnings in logs not being really flooded, your server
	is seriously misconfigured.

tcp_stdurg - BOOLEAN
	Use the Host requirements interpretation of the TCP urg pointer field.
	Most hosts use the older BSD interpretation, so if you turn this on
	Linux might not communicate correctly with them.	
	Default: FALSE 
	
tcp_max_syn_backlog - INTEGER
	Maximal number of remembered connection requests, which are
	still did not receive an acknowledgment from connecting client.
	Default value is 1024 for systems with more than 128Mb of memory,
	and 128 for low memory machines. If server suffers of overload,
	try to increase this number.

tcp_window_scaling - BOOLEAN
	Enable window scaling as defined in RFC1323.

tcp_timestamps - BOOLEAN
	Enable timestamps as defined in RFC1323.

tcp_sack - BOOLEAN
	Enable select acknowledgments (SACKS).

tcp_fack - BOOLEAN
	Enable FACK congestion avoidance and fast retransmission.
	The value is not used, if tcp_sack is not enabled.

tcp_dsack - BOOLEAN
	Allows TCP to send "duplicate" SACKs.

tcp_ecn - BOOLEAN
	Enable Explicit Congestion Notification in TCP.

tcp_reordering - INTEGER
	Maximal reordering of packets in a TCP stream.
	Default: 3	

tcp_retrans_collapse - BOOLEAN
	Bug-to-bug compatibility with some broken printers.
	On retransmit try to send bigger packets to work around bugs in
	certain TCP stacks.

tcp_wmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
	min: Amount of memory reserved for send buffers for TCP socket.
	Each TCP socket has rights to use it due to fact of its birth.
	Default: 4K

	default: Amount of memory allowed for send buffers for TCP socket
	by default. This value overrides net.core.wmem_default used
	by other protocols, it is usually lower than net.core.wmem_default.
	Default: 16K

	max: Maximal amount of memory allowed for automatically selected
	send buffers for TCP socket. This value does not override
	net.core.wmem_max, "static" selection via SO_SNDBUF does not use this.
	Default: 128K

tcp_rmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max
	min: Minimal size of receive buffer used by TCP sockets.
	It is guaranteed to each TCP socket, even under moderate memory
	pressure.
	Default: 8K

	default: default size of receive buffer used by TCP sockets.
	This value overrides net.core.rmem_default used by other protocols.
	Default: 87380 bytes. This value results in window of 65535 with
	default setting of tcp_adv_win_scale and tcp_app_win:0 and a bit
	less for default tcp_app_win. See below about these variables.

	max: maximal size of receive buffer allowed for automatically
	selected receiver buffers for TCP socket. This value does not override
	net.core.rmem_max, "static" selection via SO_RCVBUF does not use this.
	Default: 87380*2 bytes.

tcp_mem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, pressure, max
	low: below this number of pages TCP is not bothered about its
	memory appetite.

	pressure: when amount of memory allocated by TCP exceeds this number
	of pages, TCP moderates its memory consumption and enters memory
	pressure mode, which is exited when memory consumption falls
	under "low".

	high: number of pages allowed for queueing by all TCP sockets.

	Defaults are calculated at boot time from amount of available
	memory.

tcp_app_win - INTEGER
	Reserve max(window/2^tcp_app_win, mss) of window for application
	buffer. Value 0 is special, it means that nothing is reserved.
	Default: 31

tcp_adv_win_scale - INTEGER
	Count buffering overhead as bytes/2^tcp_adv_win_scale
	(if tcp_adv_win_scale > 0) or bytes-bytes/2^(-tcp_adv_win_scale),
	if it is <= 0.
	Default: 2

tcp_rfc1337 - BOOLEAN
	If set, the TCP stack behaves conforming to RFC1337. If unset,
	we are not conforming to RFC, but prevent TCP TIME_WAIT
	assassination.   
	Default: 0

tcp_low_latency - BOOLEAN
	If set, the TCP stack makes decisions that prefer lower
	latency as opposed to higher throughput.  By default, this
	option is not set meaning that higher throughput is preferred.
	An example of an application where this default should be
	changed would be a Beowulf compute cluster.
	Default: 0

ip_local_port_range - 2 INTEGERS
	Defines the local port range that is used by TCP and UDP to
	choose the local port. The first number is the first, the 
	second the last local port number. Default value depends on
	amount of memory available on the system:
	> 128Mb 32768-61000
	< 128Mb 1024-4999 or even less.
	This number defines number of active connections, which this
	system can issue simultaneously to systems not supporting
	TCP extensions (timestamps). With tcp_tw_recycle enabled
	(i.e. by default) range 1024-4999 is enough to issue up to
	2000 connections per second to systems supporting timestamps.

ip_nonlocal_bind - BOOLEAN
	If set, allows processes to bind() to non-local IP addresses,
	which can be quite useful - but may break some applications.
	Default: 0

ip_dynaddr - BOOLEAN
	If set non-zero, enables support for dynamic addresses.
	If set to a non-zero value larger than 1, a kernel log
	message will be printed when dynamic address rewriting
	occurs.
	Default: 0

icmp_echo_ignore_all - BOOLEAN
icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts - BOOLEAN
	If either is set to true, then the kernel will ignore either all
	ICMP ECHO requests sent to it or just those to broadcast/multicast
	addresses, respectively.

icmp_ratelimit - INTEGER
	Limit the maximal rates for sending ICMP packets whose type matches
	icmp_ratemask (see below) to specific targets.
	0 to disable any limiting, otherwise the maximal rate in jiffies(1)
	Default: 100

icmp_ratemask - INTEGER
	Mask made of ICMP types for which rates are being limited.
	Significant bits: IHGFEDCBA9876543210
	Default mask:     0000001100000011000 (6168)

	Bit definitions (see include/linux/icmp.h):
		0 Echo Reply
		3 Destination Unreachable *
		4 Source Quench *
		5 Redirect
		8 Echo Request
		B Time Exceeded *
		C Parameter Problem *
		D Timestamp Request
		E Timestamp Reply
		F Info Request
		G Info Reply
		H Address Mask Request
		I Address Mask Reply

	* These are rate limited by default (see default mask above)

icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses - BOOLEAN
	Some routers violate RFC1122 by sending bogus responses to broadcast
	frames.  Such violations are normally logged via a kernel warning.
	If this is set to TRUE, the kernel will not give such warnings, which
	will avoid log file clutter.
	Default: FALSE

igmp_max_memberships - INTEGER
	Change the maximum number of multicast groups we can subscribe to.
	Default: 20

conf/interface/*  changes special settings per interface (where "interface" is 
		  the name of your network interface)
conf/all/*	  is special, changes the settings for all interfaces


log_martians - BOOLEAN
	Log packets with impossible addresses to kernel log.
	log_martians for the interface will be enabled if at least one of
	conf/{all,interface}/log_martians is set to TRUE,
	it will be disabled otherwise

accept_redirects - BOOLEAN
	Accept ICMP redirect messages.
	accept_redirects for the interface will be enabled if:
	- both conf/{all,interface}/accept_redirects are TRUE in the case forwarding
	  for the interface is enabled
	or
	- at least one of conf/{all,interface}/accept_redirects is TRUE in the case
	  forwarding for the interface is disabled
	accept_redirects for the interface will be disabled otherwise
	default TRUE (host)
		FALSE (router)

forwarding - BOOLEAN
	Enable IP forwarding on this interface.

mc_forwarding - BOOLEAN
	Do multicast routing. The kernel needs to be compiled with CONFIG_MROUTE
	and a multicast routing daemon is required.
	conf/all/mc_forwarding must also be set to TRUE to enable multicast routing
	for the interface

medium_id - INTEGER
	Integer value used to differentiate the devices by the medium they
	are attached to. Two devices can have different id values when
	the broadcast packets are received only on one of them.
	The default value 0 means that the device is the only interface
	to its medium, value of -1 means that medium is not known.
	
	Currently, it is used to change the proxy_arp behavior:
	the proxy_arp feature is enabled for packets forwarded between
	two devices attached to different media.

proxy_arp - BOOLEAN
	Do proxy arp.
	proxy_arp for the interface will be enabled if at least one of
	conf/{all,interface}/proxy_arp is set to TRUE,
	it will be disabled otherwise

shared_media - BOOLEAN
	Send(router) or accept(host) RFC1620 shared media redirects.
	Overrides ip_secure_redirects.
	shared_media for the interface will be enabled if at least one of
	conf/{all,interface}/shared_media is set to TRUE,
	it will be disabled otherwise
	default TRUE

secure_redirects - BOOLEAN
	Accept ICMP redirect messages only for gateways,
	listed in default gateway list.
	secure_redirects for the interface will be enabled if at least one of
	conf/{all,interface}/secure_redirects is set to TRUE,
	it will be disabled otherwise
	default TRUE

send_redirects - BOOLEAN
	Send redirects, if router.
	send_redirects for the interface will be enabled if at least one of
	conf/{all,interface}/send_redirects is set to TRUE,
	it will be disabled otherwise
	Default: TRUE

bootp_relay - BOOLEAN
	Accept packets with source address 0.b.c.d destined
	not to this host as local ones. It is supposed, that
	BOOTP relay daemon will catch and forward such packets.
	conf/all/bootp_relay must also be set to TRUE to enable BOOTP relay
	for the interface
	default FALSE
	Not Implemented Yet.

accept_source_route - BOOLEAN
	Accept packets with SRR option.
	conf/all/accept_source_route must also be set to TRUE to accept packets
	with SRR option on the interface
	default TRUE (router)
		FALSE (host)

rp_filter - BOOLEAN
	1 - do source validation by reversed path, as specified in RFC1812
	    Recommended option for single homed hosts and stub network
	    routers. Could cause troubles for complicated (not loop free)
	    networks running a slow unreliable protocol (sort of RIP),
	    or using static routes.

	0 - No source validation.

	conf/all/rp_filter must also be set to TRUE to do source validation
	on the interface

	Default value is 0. Note that some distributions enable it
	in startup scripts.

arp_filter - BOOLEAN
	1 - Allows you to have multiple network interfaces on the same
	subnet, and have the ARPs for each interface be answered
	based on whether or not the kernel would route a packet from
	the ARP'd IP out that interface (therefore you must use source
	based routing for this to work). In other words it allows control
	of which cards (usually 1) will respond to an arp request.

	0 - (default) The kernel can respond to arp requests with addresses
	from other interfaces. This may seem wrong but it usually makes
	sense, because it increases the chance of successful communication.
	IP addresses are owned by the complete host on Linux, not by
	particular interfaces. Only for more complex setups like load-
	balancing, does this behaviour cause problems.

	arp_filter for the interface will be enabled if at least one of
	conf/{all,interface}/arp_filter is set to TRUE,
	it will be disabled otherwise

tag - INTEGER
	Allows you to write a number, which can be used as required.
	Default value is 0.

(1) Jiffie: internal timeunit for the kernel. On the i386 1/100s, on the
Alpha 1/1024s. See the HZ define in /usr/include/asm/param.h for the exact
value on your system. 

Alexey Kuznetsov.
kuznet-AT-ms2.inr.ac-DOT-ru

Updated by:
Andi Kleen
ak-AT-muc-DOT-de
Nicolas Delon
delon.nicolas-AT-wanadoo-DOT-fr




/proc/sys/net/ipv6/* Variables:

IPv6 has no global variables such as tcp_*.  tcp_* settings under ipv4/ also
apply to IPv6 [XXX?].

bindv6only - BOOLEAN
	Default value for IPV6_V6ONLY socket option,
	which restricts use of the IPv6 socket to IPv6 communication 
	only.
		TRUE: disable IPv4-mapped address feature
		FALSE: enable IPv4-mapped address feature

	Default: FALSE (as specified in RFC2553bis)

IPv6 Fragmentation:

ip6frag_high_thresh - INTEGER
	Maximum memory used to reassemble IPv6 fragments. When 
	ip6frag_high_thresh bytes of memory is allocated for this purpose,
	the fragment handler will toss packets until ip6frag_low_thresh
	is reached.
	
ip6frag_low_thresh - INTEGER
	See ip6frag_high_thresh	

ip6frag_time - INTEGER
	Time in seconds to keep an IPv6 fragment in memory.

ip6frag_secret_interval - INTEGER
	Regeneration interval (in seconds) of the hash secret (or lifetime 
	for the hash secret) for IPv6 fragments.
	Default: 600

conf/default/*:
	Change the interface-specific default settings.


conf/all/*:
	Change all the interface-specific settings.  

	[XXX:  Other special features than forwarding?]

conf/all/forwarding - BOOLEAN
	Enable global IPv6 forwarding between all interfaces.  

	IPv4 and IPv6 work differently here; e.g. netfilter must be used 
	to control which interfaces may forward packets and which not.

	This also sets all interfaces' Host/Router setting 
	'forwarding' to the specified value.  See below for details.

	This referred to as global forwarding.

conf/interface/*:
	Change special settings per interface.

	The functional behaviour for certain settings is different 
	depending on whether local forwarding is enabled or not.

accept_ra - BOOLEAN
	Accept Router Advertisements; autoconfigure using them.
	
	Functional default: enabled if local forwarding is disabled.
			    disabled if local forwarding is enabled.

accept_redirects - BOOLEAN
	Accept Redirects.

	Functional default: enabled if local forwarding is disabled.
			    disabled if local forwarding is enabled.

autoconf - BOOLEAN
	Configure link-local addresses using L2 hardware addresses.

	Default: TRUE

dad_transmits - INTEGER
	The amount of Duplicate Address Detection probes to send.
	Default: 1
	
forwarding - BOOLEAN
	Configure interface-specific Host/Router behaviour.  

	Note: It is recommended to have the same setting on all 
	interfaces; mixed router/host scenarios are rather uncommon.

	FALSE:

	By default, Host behaviour is assumed.  This means:

	1. IsRouter flag is not set in Neighbour Advertisements.
	2. Router Solicitations are being sent when necessary.
	3. If accept_ra is TRUE (default), accept Router 
	   Advertisements (and do autoconfiguration).
	4. If accept_redirects is TRUE (default), accept Redirects.

	TRUE:

	If local forwarding is enabled, Router behaviour is assumed. 
	This means exactly the reverse from the above:

	1. IsRouter flag is set in Neighbour Advertisements.
	2. Router Solicitations are not sent.
	3. Router Advertisements are ignored.
	4. Redirects are ignored.

	Default: FALSE if global forwarding is disabled (default),
		 otherwise TRUE.

hop_limit - INTEGER
	Default Hop Limit to set.
	Default: 64

mtu - INTEGER
	Default Maximum Transfer Unit
	Default: 1280 (IPv6 required minimum)

router_solicitation_delay - INTEGER
	Number of seconds to wait after interface is brought up
	before sending Router Solicitations.
	Default: 1

router_solicitation_interval - INTEGER
	Number of seconds to wait between Router Solicitations.
	Default: 4

router_solicitations - INTEGER
	Number of Router Solicitations to send until assuming no 
	routers are present.
	Default: 3

use_tempaddr - INTEGER
	Preference for Privacy Extensions (RFC3041).
	  <= 0 : disable Privacy Extensions
	  == 1 : enable Privacy Extensions, but prefer public
	         addresses over temporary addresses.
	  >  1 : enable Privacy Extensions and prefer temporary
	         addresses over public addresses.
	Default:  0 (for most devices)
		 -1 (for point-to-point devices and loopback devices)

temp_valid_lft - INTEGER
	valid lifetime (in seconds) for temporary addresses.
	Default: 604800 (7 days)

temp_prefered_lft - INTEGER
	Preferred lifetime (in seconds) for temorary addresses.
	Default: 86400 (1 day)

max_desync_factor - INTEGER
	Maximum value for DESYNC_FACTOR, which is a random value
	that ensures that clients don't synchronize with each 
	other and generage new addresses at exactly the same time.
	value is in seconds.
	Default: 600
	
regen_max_retry - INTEGER
	Number of attempts before give up attempting to generate
	valid temporary addresses.
	Default: 5

icmp/*:
ratelimit - INTEGER
	Limit the maximal rates for sending ICMPv6 packets.
	0 to disable any limiting, otherwise the maximal rate in jiffies(1)
	Default: 100


IPv6 Update by:
Pekka Savola <pekkas-AT-netcore-DOT-fi>
YOSHIFUJI Hideaki / USAGI Project <yoshfuji@linux-ipv6.org>

$Id: ip-sysctl.txt,v 1.20 2001/12/13 09:00:18 davem Exp $

参考文章为：SYN攻击的基本原理、工具及检测方法以及防范技术

LINUX相关的内容摘录如下：

1. 激活SYN cookies：echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies
2. 增加最大半连接数：sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=”2048″
3. 缩短超时时间：sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=”1″

其实第一个也应该可以使用sysctl设置的，因为sysctl也是设置/proc/sys/net/ipv4目录下的对应文件的值。

另外这个设置都是一次性的，系统启动后就丢失了，要一直有效需要写入启动脚本，例如/etc/rc.d/rc.local

有点奇怪LINUX系统下为什么要用这种方式设置这些值，每个变量用一个文件设置。